Stem Cell Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease (PD)

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by the gradual loss of dopamine-producing nerve cells in the brain. Established treatments can help manage symptoms and preserve function, but they do not replace the affected neurons or cure the disease.

Stem cell therapy for Parkinson’s disease is being studied for its potential to support vulnerable nerve cells and their surrounding tissue environment.

At ANOVA IRM in Offenbach, Germany, selected patients may be evaluated for autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome (MSEC) therapy. This cell-free approach is offered as an experimental treatment option alongside established Parkinson’s care, not as a replacement.

This page explains the scientific rationale behind MSEC, ANOVA’s treatment approach, candidate suitability, treatment planning and practical requirements. ANOVA primarily considers selected patients with early-to-mid-stage Parkinson’s disease following an individual medical review.

Stem Cell Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease at ANOVA IRM

Neurologist-led care remains the foundation of Parkinson’s treatment. Depending on the patient’s symptoms and disease stage, this may include medication, physiotherapy, occupational or speech therapy and, in selected cases, surgical or device-based treatment.

Established care may help patients by:

  • Improving dopamine-related symptom control
  • Reducing tremor, rigidity or slowed movement
  • Supporting balance, speech, mobility and daily activities
  • Addressing sleep, mood and other non-motor concerns
  • Managing motor fluctuations in suitable patients

These treatments can make a meaningful difference to symptom control and independence. However, they do not restore the dopamine-producing neurons already lost through the disease.

This limitation has encouraged research into regenerative approaches. ANOVA IRM considers autologous MSEC therapy for selected patients as an additional experimental option within a broader, individualized Parkinson’s treatment plan.

Substantia nigra degeneration showing dopamine neurons lost and reduced dopamine signalling in Parkinson’s disease

Loss of dopamine-producing neurons in Parkinson’s disease
ANOVA IRM Germany, © DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00080

Can Stem Cell Therapy Help Parkinson’s Disease?

Stem-cell-based approaches are being investigated for their potential to influence biological processes involved in the health and survival of vulnerable nerve cells, including:

  • Neuroprotective activity and neuronal survival
  • Inflammatory and immune signalling
  • Repair-related signalling
  • Support for the surrounding tissue environment

Some experimental MSC-based approaches are not intended to replace lost neurons directly. Instead, researchers are examining how bioactive substances released by mesenchymal stem cells may communicate with nearby cells and tissues.

This research provides the rationale for ANOVA IRM’s focus on MSEC therapy produced from the patient’s own adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

Most evidence for MSC secretome and extracellular-vesicle approaches in Parkinson’s disease remains preclinical. Human stem-cell trials have evaluated fundamentally different interventions, including the surgical transplantation of laboratory-produced dopamine cells. These studies provide broader context for regenerative Parkinson’s research rather than direct evidence for ANOVA’s cell-free MSEC approach.

ANOVA IRM Treatment Approach for Parkinson’s Disease

At ANOVA IRM, stem-cell-based treatment for Parkinson’s disease is reviewed within a controlled medical framework in Offenbach, Germany.

For selected patients, ANOVA focuses on autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome therapy. This cell-free treatment is produced from the patient’s own adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells rather than donor-derived material.

Each case is reviewed individually based on disease stage and progression, current motor and non-motor symptoms, existing treatments, medical history, overall health, and practical treatment requirements.

What Therapeutic Outcomes Can Be Expected?

Treatment goals are defined individually and monitored through relevant clinical and functional measures.

Potential treatment goals or monitoring areas may include:

  • Motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity and slowed movement
  • Mobility and everyday function
  • Non-motor symptoms
  • Quality-of-life measures
  • Changes in symptoms and function over time

The relevance of each area depends on the patient’s symptoms, disease stage and existing treatment. Current evidence does not establish MSEC as a disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson’s disease, and individual outcomes vary.

Potency Hypothesis of Stem Cell Therapies

ANOVA’s MSEC treatment rationale is based on paracrine signalling, through which stem-cell-derived factors may communicate with surrounding cells and tissues.

The stem cell secretome contains bioactive substances involved in cell-to-cell communication, including exosomes and other extracellular vesicles, growth factors, cytokines, proteins, microRNAs and neurotrophic or neuroprotective factors.

In Parkinson’s research, these substances are being studied for their potential to influence:

  • Inflammatory and immune signalling
  • Neuronal survival and neuroprotective activity
  • Repair-related signalling
  • Communication between neural and supporting cells
  • The biological environment surrounding vulnerable nerve cells

Research involving the MSC secretome, extracellular vesicles, and microRNAs remains largely preclinical. Reported findings provide a scientific rationale for investigating whether these factors may support vulnerable nerve cells and their surrounding tissue environment.

MSEC / Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome / Exosome Therapy

MSEC stands for Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome. It is a cell-free preparation composed of bioactive substances produced and released by mesenchymal stem cells.

ANOVA IRM produces MSEC using adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells obtained from the patient. The starting adipose sample is taken from the abdomen through a limited mini-liposuction procedure, which is generally carried out under light sedation.

The mesenchymal stem cells are isolated and cultivated in a controlled laboratory setting. Their secretome is then collected, enriched and quality-controlled. The final treatment product no longer contains living MSCs.

Because the final product is cell-free, it can be frozen and stored for repeated applications without relying on the continued viability of transplanted cells. Production and quality control take approximately four weeks, and the stored MSEC must be used within its two-year shelf life.

Because Parkinson’s disease is chronic and progressive, repeated applications may be considered within an individualized treatment plan. The number and timing of applications are determined according to the patient’s medical and practical requirements.

Learn more about ANOVA IRM’s Secretome / Exosome therapies.

Who May Be a Candidate for Parkinson’s Disease Stem Cell Therapy?

MSEC therapy is not suitable for every patient with Parkinson’s disease. ANOVA IRM primarily considers selected patients with early-to-mid-stage disease following an individual medical review.

Eligibility depends on the patient’s diagnosis, disease stage, symptoms, current treatment, medical history, overall health and practical ability to complete the treatment process.

Patients Who May Be Considered Include Those With:

  • A confirmed Parkinson’s disease diagnosis
  • Early-to-mid-stage disease
  • Persistent symptoms despite established treatment
  • Sufficient overall health for mini-liposuction and light sedation
  • Medical suitability for autologous MSEC production
  • The ability to travel to Offenbach, Germany, for repeated applications
  • Realistic expectations about an experimental treatment

ANOVA IRM Does Not Treat Patients When the Following Contraindications Apply:

  • Active cancer within the last two years
  • Not being of legal age
  • Pregnancy or lactation
  • Inability to breathe independently or ventilator dependence
  • Difficulty breathing while lying down
  • Dysphagia, or extreme difficulty swallowing
  • Psychiatric disorder
  • Active infectious disease, including hepatitis A, B, or C, HIV, syphilis, or other active infections
Mesenchymal stem cell type releasing exosomes, microRNAs, cytokines and proteins through paracrine signalling

MSC-derived exosomes and other cell-signalling factors
ANOVA IRM - Germany

Therapy Workflow for Parkinson’s Disease

What to Expect From the Treatment Process

Step 1: Remote Parkinson’s Disease Inquiry Review

ANOVA IRM first reviews whether its MSEC approach may be appropriate before developing a treatment plan. International patients can complete this initial stage from home without making travel arrangements for Germany.

Submitting the contact form begins the process. ANOVA then sends information specific to Parkinson’s disease, explaining its MSEC approach, experimental status and the steps that may follow.

Patients who choose to move forward are told which materials to provide. These may include medical records confirming the Parkinson’s diagnosis, details about disease stage and symptoms, current medications and therapies, recent diagnostic findings and other relevant health information.

Once the necessary information is available, patient care can arrange a consultation with an ANOVA physician. The consultation helps determine whether in-person eligibility testing and treatment planning should be considered.

Step 2: Pre-Treatment Eligibility Testing and Day-One Confirmation

Following a consultation that indicates potential suitability, patients are generally advised to arrange preliminary blood tests in their home country before making the trip to Germany.

This initial screening is used to identify exclusions including HIV, hepatitis A, B or C, syphilis and other active infectious diseases. It also considers relevant medical or substance-use risk factors. Completing the tests locally can prevent travel when a known contraindication has already been identified.

If screening does not reveal an exclusion, the patient may plan a visit to ANOVA IRM in Offenbach. The required bloodwork is performed again on the first day to satisfy German medical requirements. The physician then completes the final assessment before the patient’s biological material enters MSEC production.

Adipose tissue collection by mini-liposuction is normally scheduled for the following day.

Step 3: MSEC Treatment Planning

The treatment schedule is tailored to the individual. ANOVA uses standard protocol patterns as starting frameworks, taking account of the patient’s Parkinson’s stage and symptoms, physician findings, ability to return to Offenbach and other practical needs.

For Parkinson’s disease, the following three patterns may help guide scheduling:

  • Boost + Balanced: The cycle opens with three doses during the first treatment visit. The remaining seven doses are delivered individually, usually at three-month intervals. This pattern is most feasible for patients with a high level of travel readiness.
  • Balanced-Boost: The full 10-dose cycle is distributed across four visits, typically separated by six months. The longer interval can make this schedule more practical for international patients or those with limited travel availability.
  • Intense Balanced-Boost: This protocol also distributes 10 doses across four visits but normally reduces the spacing between visits to three months. It may be considered when the physician determines that a more intensive schedule is appropriate.

These are general examples rather than the only available schedules. The physician may adjust the timing and distribution of doses according to the patient’s medical and practical requirements.

ANOVA IRM discusses the proposed dosing calendar, individualized cost and required trips before the patient proceeds. Any stored MSEC must be used within its two-year shelf life.

Step 4: Mini-Liposuction and MSEC Production

The initial visit to Offenbach generally requires approximately two consecutive days. Required bloodwork and final medical confirmation take place on the first day, with mini-liposuction normally scheduled for the following day.

After receiving physician clearance, the patient undergoes a limited mini-liposuction under light sedation to obtain abdominal adipose tissue.

The collected sample is used to isolate and cultivate mesenchymal stem cells, allowing their secretome to be produced. Only the secreted bioactive factors, rather than viable MSCs, remain in the treatment preparation.

The MSEC product is enriched and passes quality-control procedures before being frozen for storage. The first applications can usually be scheduled approximately four weeks after tissue collection.

Step 5: MSEC Applications Over Time

Application appointments are scheduled at ANOVA IRM in Offenbach according to the individualized schedule developed during treatment planning.

Repeated dosing may form part of the plan because Parkinson’s disease is chronic and progressive. Where the physician considers it appropriate, appointment timing can account for the practical demands on patients travelling from more distant regions.

Every dose must be used before the stored MSEC reaches the end of its two-year shelf life. Continuing once the supply has expired or been fully used requires a new tissue collection and production cycle.

Treatment Timeline and Travel Requirements

The assessment and counselling stage can be handled remotely and may require approximately two weeks or as long as several months. Timing depends on appointment availability and how quickly the necessary medical information can be assembled.

For planning purposes, the treatment timeline can be divided into three main stages:

  • Bloodwork and mini-liposuction: The patient visits Offenbach for repeat blood tests, physician review and any other required diagnostics. When final clearance is given, adipose tissue collection normally follows the next day, making approximately two consecutive days necessary for the first visit.
  • MSEC production: Laboratory staff isolate and cultivate the mesenchymal stem cells before preparing and quality-controlling the secretome. This process takes approximately four weeks.
  • MSEC applications: Later trips to Offenbach follow the individualized treatment schedule. The series may span an extended period but must conclude before the stored MSEC reaches the end of its two-year shelf life.

Medical considerations, travel distance and scheduling requirements can influence the final plan. Patients coming from abroad should plan for more than one Offenbach visit when repeated applications form part of the recommendation.

Cost of Stem Cell Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease

MSEC treatment generally costs approximately €20,000 to €36,000, depending on the total number of doses used.

Costs for other treatment configurations are determined individually. ANOVA IRM provides a case-specific estimate before treatment so the patient can review the expected financial commitment before deciding whether to proceed.

International patients should budget separately for travel and accommodation.

Does Health Insurance Cover the Therapy Costs?

Experimental MSEC treatment for Parkinson’s disease is not ordinarily reimbursed by health insurance.

Unless an insurer has explicitly agreed to cover the program, patients should plan for private payment. Coverage should be confirmed directly with the insurer.

Why Choose ANOVA IRM for Parkinson’s Disease Treatment?

  • Patient-derived MSEC therapy: ANOVA’s Parkinson’s treatment uses Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome created from the patient’s own adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.
  • Cell-free treatment concept: The administered preparation contains substances secreted by mesenchymal stem cells rather than viable MSCs.
  • Medical and laboratory coordination in Germany: ANOVA coordinates treatment and laboratory processing through its medical framework in Offenbach, near Frankfurt am Main.
  • Quality-controlled preparation: MSEC is enriched, checked for quality and placed into storage before applications begin.
  • Support for repeated applications: Frozen MSEC can be used for scheduled doses over an extended period, provided the applications remain within its two-year shelf life.
  • Case-specific physician assessment: ANOVA recommends treatment following an individual medical review.
  • Individual treatment planning: Eligibility, medical findings, pricing, scheduling and travel requirements are discussed before treatment.

Request a Medical Evaluation

Request an assessment to learn whether ANOVA’s MSEC program could be considered for your Parkinson’s disease.

Before any trip to Germany is planned, ANOVA IRM can review the case remotely. Patient care explains the records required, outlines the next stages and assists with arranging the physician consultation.

ANOVA primarily considers selected people with early-to-mid-stage Parkinson’s disease following an individual medical review. Submitting the form begins this assessment process.

Contact ANOVA IRM to request the first stage of remote assessment.

Frequently Asked Questions About Stem Cell Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease

Is Stem Cell Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease Available at ANOVA IRM?

Yes. ANOVA IRM offers experimental autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome therapy for selected patients with Parkinson’s disease. Treatment takes place in Offenbach, Germany, following an individual medical review.

Can Stem Cell Therapy Cure Parkinson’s Disease?

No stem-cell-based treatment has been established as a cure for Parkinson’s disease. ANOVA’s MSEC is applied as an experimental treatment option alongside established Parkinson’s care, not as dopamine-producing cell-replacement therapy.

Can Stem Cell Therapy Help With Parkinson’s Disease?

Research into MSC-derived extracellular vesicles has reported encouraging preclinical findings involving inflammatory, neuroprotective and repair-related pathways relevant to Parkinson’s disease. These findings provide a scientific rationale for investigating stem-cell-derived factors as a potential therapeutic approach.

Recent human trials involving transplanted dopamine-producing cells also demonstrate progress in regenerative Parkinson’s research. However, those trials evaluate a different intervention from ANOVA’s cell-free MSEC therapy, for which clinical evidence in Parkinson’s disease remains limited.

What Stages of Parkinson’s Disease Does ANOVA IRM Consider?

ANOVA IRM primarily considers selected patients with early-to-mid-stage Parkinson’s disease. Disease stage is only one part of eligibility, which also depends on symptoms, current treatment, medical history, overall health and an individual medical review.

Is MSEC the Same as Dopamine-Producing Stem Cell Transplantation?

No. MSEC is a cell-free treatment made from substances released by the patient’s own adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.

It differs from clinical trials in which dopamine-producing cells derived from pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, are surgically transplanted into the brain to replace lost neurons. ANOVA does not perform this form of cell transplantation.

Does MSEC Therapy Replace Parkinson’s Medication?

No. MSEC is reviewed alongside established Parkinson’s care, not as a replacement for it. Patients should continue medications, rehabilitation and other treatments as directed by their neurologist unless their treating physician recommends a change.

How Is MSEC Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease Administered?

ANOVA administers MSEC systemically by infusion during scheduled visits in Offenbach. The physician determines how many doses are given during each visit and how the applications are distributed across the treatment period.

Why Isn’t Stem Cell Therapy a Standard Parkinson’s Treatment?

Stem-cell-based therapies encompass several different experimental approaches. Current clinical evidence is still developing, and further controlled trials are needed to establish the safety, efficacy and appropriate use of each approach.

Can International Patients Apply for Treatment?

Yes. International patients can begin with a remote inquiry, medical-information review and physician consultation. Patients who are approved to proceed should expect an initial trip for testing and tissue collection, followed by return visits for MSEC applications.

What Causes Parkinson’s Disease?

Parkinson’s disease develops as dopamine-producing nerve cells in an area of the brain called the substantia nigra become damaged and are gradually lost.

The underlying reason for this cell loss is not fully understood. Researchers believe that genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures and ageing may contribute, but most cases cannot be attributed to a single identifiable cause.

What Are the Early Signs of Parkinson’s Disease?

Early signs can be subtle and may initially affect only one side of the body. They can include a tremor at rest, slower movement, muscle stiffness, reduced arm swing, smaller handwriting, a softer voice or reduced facial expression.

Loss of smell, constipation and sleep disturbances may also occur before or alongside movement symptoms. No single symptom confirms Parkinson’s disease, and persistent changes should be assessed by a physician.

What Are the Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?

The main movement symptoms are tremor, slowed movement, muscle rigidity and changes in balance, posture or walking.

Parkinson’s can also cause non-motor symptoms such as fatigue, sleep problems, depression, anxiety, constipation, loss of smell, pain and changes in speech, swallowing, memory or thinking. The combination, severity and progression of symptoms vary considerably between patients.

What Are the Stages of Parkinson’s Disease?

Parkinson’s progression is commonly described using the five-stage Hoehn and Yahr scale:

  • Stage 1: Mild movement symptoms affect one side of the body and have limited impact on daily activities.
  • Stage 2: Symptoms affect both sides of the body, but balance is generally preserved. Daily tasks may take longer or become more difficult.
  • Stage 3: Balance problems and falls may emerge, although the person can often continue living independently.
  • Stage 4: Symptoms become severely limiting, and substantial assistance may be needed for everyday activities.
  • Stage 5: Standing or walking may no longer be possible without assistance, and continuous care may be required.

This scale mainly describes motor disability. Parkinson’s does not progress at the same rate or in precisely the same sequence for every patient.

What Is the Life Expectancy With Parkinson’s Disease?

Many people live with Parkinson’s disease for years or decades, but average life expectancy is generally reduced compared with people without the condition. Individual outlook varies with age at diagnosis, overall health, disease progression and complications affecting mobility or swallowing.

References and Literature – Stem Cell-Based Therapies and Parkinson’s Disease

  1. Armstrong MJ, Okun MS. “Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson Disease: A Review.” JAMA. 2020;323(6):548–560. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.22360.
  2. International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. “Use of Cell-Based Therapies for Parkinson’s Disease.” Position paper. January 2021. Accessed July 31, 2026. https://www.movementdisorders.org/MDS/News/News--Notices/News-Release---Stem-Cell-Therapies/MDS-Position-Paper-Use-of-Stem-Cell-Therapies-for-Parkinsons-Disease.htm
  3. Wang XS, Wang Y, Xu Y, et al. “Effectiveness of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies.” World Journal of Stem Cells. 2025;17(4):102421. doi:10.4252/wjsc.v17.i4.102421.
  4. Skidmore S, Barker RA. “Challenges in the Clinical Advancement of Cell Therapies for Parkinson’s Disease.” Nature Biomedical Engineering. 2023;7:370–386. doi:10.1038/s41551-022-00987-y.
  5. Tabar V, Sarva H, Lozano AM, et al. “Phase I Trial of hES Cell-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons for Parkinson’s Disease.” Nature. 2025;641:978–983. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08845-y.
  6. Sawamoto N, Doi D, Nakanishi E, et al. “Phase I/II Trial of iPS-Cell-Derived Dopaminergic Cells for Parkinson’s Disease.” Nature. 2025;641:971–977. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08700-0.
  7. Paul G, Bjartmarz H, Kirkeby A, et al. “Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Dopaminergic Cells for Parkinson’s Disease: A Phase 1/2 Open-Label Trial.” Nature Medicine. Published July 9, 2026. doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04525-0.
  8. Parkinson’s Foundation. “What Is Parkinson’s?” Accessed July 31, 2026. https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/what-is-parkinsons
  9. Parkinson’s Foundation. “Stages of Parkinson’s.” Accessed July 31, 2026. https://www.parkinson.org/understanding-parkinsons/what-is-parkinsons/stages
  10. Parkinson’s UK. “How Does Parkinson’s Progress?” Updated October 21, 2025. Accessed July 31, 2026. https://www.parkinsons.org.uk/information/about-parkinsons/how-does-parkinsons-progress

  1. Georg Hansmann, Philippe Chouvarine, Franziska Diekmann, Martin Giera, Markus Ralser, Michael Mülleder, Constantin von Kaisenberg, Harald Bertram, Ekaterina Legchenko & Ralf Hass "Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived treatment of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension". Nature Cardiovascular Research volume 1, pages568–576 (2022).
  2. Murphy JM, Fink DJ, Hunziker EB, et al. Stem cell therapy in a caprine model of osteoarthritis . Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:3464–74.
  3. Lee KB, Hui JH, Song IC, Ardany L, et al. Injectable mesenchymal stem cell therapy for large cartilage defects—a porcine model. Stem Cell. 2007;25:2964–71.
  4. Saw KY, Hussin P, Loke SC, et al. Articular cartilage regeneration with autologous marrow aspirate and hyaluronic acid: an experimental study in a goat model. Arthroscopy . 2009;25(12):1391–400.
  5. Black L, Gaynor J, Adams C, et al. Effect of intra-articular injection of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem and regenerative cells on clinical signs of chronic osteoarthritis of the elbow joint in dogs. Vet Ther. 2008;9:192-200.
  6. Centeno C, Busse D, Kisiday J, et al. Increased knee cartilage volume in degenerative joint disease using percutaneously implanted, autologous mesenchymal stem cells. Pain Physician. 2008;11(3):343–53.
  7. Centeno C, Kisiday J, Freeman M, et al. Partial regeneration of the human hip via autologous bone marrow nucleated cell transfer: a case study. Pain Physician. 2006;9:253–6.
  8. Centeno C, Schultz J, Cheever M. Safety and complications reporting on the re-implantation of culture-expanded mesenchymal stem cells using autologous platelet lysate technique. Curr Stem Cell. 2011;5(1):81–93.
  9. Pak J. Regeneration of human bones in hip osteonecrosis and human cartilage in knee osteoarthritis with autologous adipose derived stem cells: a case series. J Med Case Rep. 2001;5:296.
  10. Kuroda R, Ishida K, et al. Treatment of a full-thickness articular cartilage defect in the femoral condyle of an athlete with autologous bone-marrow stromal cells. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2007;15:226–31.
  11. Emadedin M, Aghdami N, Taghiyar L, et al. Intra-articular injection of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in six patients with knee osteoarthritis. Arch Iran Med. 2012;15(7):422–8.
  12. Saw KY et al. Articular cartilage regeneration with autologous peripheral blood stem cells versus hyaluronic acid: a randomized controlled trial. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(4):684–94.
  13. Vangsness CT, Farr J, Boyd J, et al. Adult human mesenchymal stem cells delivered via intra-articular injection to the knee following partial medial meniscectomy. J Bone Joint Surg. 2014;96(2):90–8.
  14. Freitag, Julien, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in the treatment of osteoarthritis: reparative pathways, safety and efficacy–a review. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 17.1 (2016): 230.
  15. Maumus, Marie, Christian Jorgensen, and Danièle Noël. " Mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine applied to rheumatic diseases: role of secretome and exosomes. " Biochimie 95.12 (2013): 2229-2234.
  16. Dostert, Gabriel, et al. " How do mesenchymal stem cells influence or are influenced by microenvironment through extracellular vesicles communication?. " Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 5 (2017).
  17. Chaparro, Orlando, and Itali Linero. " Regenerative Medicine: A New Paradigm in Bone Regeneration. " (2016).
  18. Toh, Wei Seong, et al. " MSC exosome as a cell-free MSC therapy for cartilage regeneration: Implications for osteoarthritis treatment. " Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. Academic Press, 2016.
  19. Chaparro, Orlando, and Itali Linero. " Regenerative Medicine: A New Paradigm in Bone Regeneration. " (2016).
  20. S. Koelling, J. Kruegel, M. Irmer, J.R. Path, B. Sadowski, X. Miro, et al., Migratory chondrogenic progenitor cells from repair tissue during the later stages of human osteoarthritis , Cell Stem Cell 4 (2009) 324–335.
  21. B.A. Jones, M. Pei, Synovium-Derived stem cells: a tissue-Specific stem cell for cartilage engineering and regeneration , Tissue Eng. B: Rev. 18 (2012) 301–311.
  22. W. Ando, J.J. Kutcher, R. Krawetz, A. Sen, N. Nakamura, C.B. Frank, et al., Clonal analysis of synovial fluid stem cells to characterize and identify stable mesenchymal stromal cell/mesenchymal progenitor cell phenotypes in a porcine model: a cell source with enhanced commitment to the chondrogenic lineage, Cytotherapy 16 (2014) 776–788.
  23. K.B.L. Lee, J.H.P. Hui, I.C. Song, L. Ardany, E.H. Lee, Injectable mesenchymal stem cell therapy for large cartilage defects—a porcine model, Stem Cells 25 (2007) 2964–2971.
  24. W.-L. Fu, C.-Y. Zhou, J.-K. Yu, A new source of mesenchymal stem cells for articular cartilage repair: mSCs derived from mobilized peripheral blood share similar biological characteristics in vitro and chondrogenesis in vivo as MSCs from bone marrow in a rabbit model , Am. J. Sports Med. 42 (2014) 592–601.
  25. X. Xie, Y. Wang, C. Zhao, S. Guo, S. Liu, W. Jia, et al., Comparative evaluation of MSCs from bone marrow and adipose tissue seeded in PRP-derived scaffold for cartilage regeneration , Biomaterials 33 (2012) 7008–7018.
  26. E.-R. Chiang, H.-L. Ma, J.-P. Wang, C.-L. Liu, T.-H. Chen, S.-C. Hung, Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells in combination with hyaluronic acid for the treatment of osteoarthritis in rabbits , PLoS One 11 (2016) e0149835.
  27. H. Nejadnik, J.H. Hui, E.P. Feng Choong, B.-C. Tai, E.H. Lee, Autologous bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells versus autologous chondrocyte implantation: an observational cohort study , Am. J. Sports Med. 38 (2010) 1110–1116.
  28. I. Sekiya, T. Muneta, M. Horie, H. Koga, Arthroscopic transplantation of synovial stem cells improves clinical outcomes in knees with cartilage defects , Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res. 473 (2015) 2316–2326.
  29. Y.S. Kim, Y.J. Choi, Y.G. Koh, Mesenchymal stem cell implantation in knee osteoarthritis: an assessment of the factors influencing clinical outcomes , Am. J. Sports Med. 43 (2015) 2293–2301.
  30. W.-L. Fu, Y.-F. Ao, X.-Y. Ke, Z.-Z. Zheng, X. Gong, D. Jiang, et al., Repair of large full-thickness cartilage defect by activating endogenous peripheral blood stem cells and autologous periosteum flap transplantation combined with patellofemoral realignment , Knee 21 (2014) 609–612.
  31. Y.-G. Koh, O.-R. Kwon, Y.-S. Kim, Y.-J. Choi, D.-H. Tak, Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells with microfracture versus microfracture alone: 2-year follow-up of a prospective randomized trial , Arthrosc. J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg. 32 (2016) 97–109.
  32. T.S. de Windt, L.A. Vonk, I.C.M. Slaper-Cortenbach, M.P.H. van den Broek, R. Nizak, M.H.P. van Rijen, et al., Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells stimulate cartilage regeneration and are safe for single-Stage cartilage repair in humans upon mixture with recycled autologous chondrons , Stem Cells (2016) (n/a-n/a).
  33. L. da Silva Meirelles, A.M. Fontes, D.T. Covas, A.I. Caplan, Mechanisms involved in the therapeutic properties of mesenchymal stem cells , Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 20 (2009) 419–427.
  34. W.S. Toh, C.B. Foldager, M. Pei, J.H.P. Hui, Advances in mesenchymal stem cell-based strategies for cartilage repair and regeneration , Stem Cell Rev. Rep. 10 (2014) 686–696.
  35. R.C. Lai, F. Arslan, M.M. Lee, N.S.K. Sze, A. Choo, T.S. Chen, et al., Exosome secreted by MSC reduces myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury , Stem Cell Res. 4 (2010) 214–222.
  36. S. Zhang, W.C. Chu, R.C. Lai, S.K. Lim, J.H.P. Hui, W.S. Toh, Exosomes derived from human embryonic mesenchymal stem cells promote osteochondral regeneration, Osteoarthr . Cartil. 24 (2016) 2135–2140.
  37. S. Zhang, W. Chu, R. Lai, J. Hui, E. Lee, S. Lim, et al., 21 – human mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote orderly cartilage regeneration in an immunocompetent rat osteochondral defect model , Cytotherapy 18 (2016) S13.
  38. C.T. Lim, X. Ren, M.H. Afizah, S. Tarigan-Panjaitan, Z. Yang, Y. Wu, et al., Repair of osteochondral defects with rehydrated freeze-dried oligo[poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate] hydrogels seeded with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a porcine model
  39. A. Gobbi, G. Karnatzikos, S.R. Sankineani, One-step surgery with multipotent stem cells for the treatment of large full-thickness chondral defects of the knee , Am. J. Sports Med. 42 (2014) 648–657.
  40. A. Gobbi, C. Scotti, G. Karnatzikos, A. Mudhigere, M. Castro, G.M. Peretti, One-step surgery with multipotent stem cells and Hyaluronan-based scaffold for the treatment of full-thickness chondral defects of the knee in patients older than 45 years , Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. (2016) 1–8.
  41. A. Gobbi, G. Karnatzikos, C. Scotti, V. Mahajan, L. Mazzucco, B. Grigolo, One-step cartilage repair with bone marrow aspirate concentrated cells and collagen matrix in full-thickness knee cartilage lesions: results at 2-Year follow-up , Cartilage 2 (2011) 286–299.
  42. K.L. Wong, K.B.L. Lee, B.C. Tai, P. Law, E.H. Lee, J.H.P. Hui, Injectable cultured bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in varus knees with cartilage defects undergoing high tibial osteotomy: a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial with 2 years’ follow-up , Arthrosc. J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg. 29 (2013) 2020–2028.
  43. J.M. Hare, J.E. Fishman, G. Gerstenblith, et al., Comparison of allogeneic vs autologous bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells delivered by transendocardial injection in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: the poseidon randomized trial, JAMA 308 (2012) 2369–2379.
  44. L. Wu, J.C.H. Leijten, N. Georgi, J.N. Post, C.A. van Blitterswijk, M. Karperien, Trophic effects of mesenchymal stem cells increase chondrocyte proliferation and matrix formation , Tissue Eng. A 17 (2011) 1425–1436.
  45. L. Wu, H.-J. Prins, M.N. Helder, C.A. van Blitterswijk, M. Karperien, Trophic effects of mesenchymal stem cells in chondrocyte Co-Cultures are independent of culture conditions and cell sources , Tissue Eng. A 18 (2012) 1542–1551.
  46. S.K. Sze, D.P.V. de Kleijn, R.C. Lai, E. Khia Way Tan, H. Zhao, K.S. Yeo, et al., Elucidating the secretion proteome of human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells , Mol. Cell. Proteomics 6 (2007) 1680–1689.
  47. M.B. Murphy, K. Moncivais, A.I. Caplan, Mesenchymal stem cells: environmentally responsive therapeutics for regenerative medicine , Exp. Mol. Med. 45 (2013) e54.
  48. M.J. Lee, J. Kim, M.Y. Kim, Y.-S. Bae, S.H. Ryu, T.G. Lee, et al., Proteomic analysis of tumor necrosis factor--induced secretome of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells , J. Proteome Res. 9 (2010) 1754–1762.
  49. S. Bruno, C. Grange, M.C. Deregibus, R.A. Calogero, S. Saviozzi, F. Collino, et al., Mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles protect against acute tubular injury, J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 20 (2009) 1053–1067.
  50. M. Yá˜nez-Mó, P.R.-M. Siljander, Z. Andreu, A.B. Zavec, F.E. Borràs, E.I. Buzas, et al. Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions (2015).
  51. C. Lawson, J.M. Vicencio, D.M. Yellon, S.M. Davidson, Microvesicles and exosomes: new players in metabolic and cardiovascular disease , J. Endocrinol. 228 (2016) R57–R71.
  52. A.G. Thompson, E. Gray, S.M. Heman-Ackah, I. Mager, K. Talbot, S.E. Andaloussi, et al., Extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseas—pathogenesis to biomarkers, Nat. Rev. Neurol. 12 (2016) 346–357.
  53. I.E.M. Bank, L. Timmers, C.M. Gijsberts, Y.-N. Zhang, A. Mosterd, J.-W. Wang, et al., The diagnostic and prognostic potential of plasma extracellular vesicles for cardiovascular disease , Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 15 (2015) 1577–1588.
  54. T. Kato, S. Miyaki, H. Ishitobi, Y. Nakamura, T. Nakasa, M.K. Lotz, et al., Exosomes from IL-1 stimulated synovial fibroblasts induce osteoarthritic changes in articular chondrocytes , Arthritis. Res. Ther. 16 (2014) 1–11.
  55. R.W.Y. Yeo, S.K. Lim, Exosomes and their therapeutic applications, in: C. Gunther, A. Hauser, R. Huss (Eds.), Advances in Pharmaceutical Cell TherapyPrinciples of Cell-Based Biopharmaceuticals, World Scientific, Singapore, 2015, pp. 477–491.
  56. X. Qi, J. Zhang, H. Yuan, Z. Xu, Q. Li, X. Niu, et al., Exosomes secreted by human-Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells repair critical-sized bone defects through enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis in osteoporotic rats , Int. J. Biol. Sci. 12 (2016) 836–849.
  57. R.C. Lai, F. Arslan, S.S. Tan, B. Tan, A. Choo, M.M. Lee, et al., Derivation and characterization of human fetal MSCs: an alternative cell source for large-scale production of cardioprotective microparticles , J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 48 (2010) 1215–1224.
  58. Y. Zhou, H. Xu, W. Xu, B. Wang, H. Wu, Y. Tao, et al., Exosomes released by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells protect against cisplatin-induced renal oxidative stress and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro , Stem Cell Res. Ther. 4 (2013) 1–13.
  59. Y. Qin, L. Wang, Z. Gao, G. Chen, C. Zhang, Bone marrow stromal/stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles regulate osteoblast activity and differentiation in vitro and promote bone regeneration in vivo , Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 21961.
  60. M. Nakano, K. Nagaishi, N. Konari, Y. Saito, T. Chikenji, Y. Mizue, et al., Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells improve diabetes-induced cognitive impairment by exosome transfer into damaged neurons and astrocytes , Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 24805.
  61. K. Nagaishi, Y. Mizue, T. Chikenji, M. Otani, M. Nakano, N. Konari, et al., Mesenchymal stem cell therapy ameliorates diabetic nephropathy via the paracrine effect of renal trophic factors including exosomes , Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 34842.
  62. S.R. Baglio, K. Rooijers, D. Koppers-Lalic, F.J. Verweij, M. Pérez Lanzón, N. Zini, et al., Human bone marrow- and adipose-mesenchymal stem cells secrete exosomes enriched in distinctive miRNA and tRNA species , Stem Cell Res. Ther. 6 (2015) 1–20.
  63. T. Chen, R. Yeo, F. Arslan, Y. Yin, S. Tan, Efficiency of exosome production correlates inversely with the developmental maturity of MSC donor, J. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 3 (2013) 2.
  64. R.C. Lai, S.S. Tan, B.J. Teh, S.K. Sze, F. Arslan, D.P. de Kleijn, et al., Proteolytic potential of the MSC exosome proteome: implications for an exosome-mediated delivery of therapeutic proteasome , Int. J. Proteomics 2012 (2012) 971907.
  65. T.S. Chen, R.C. Lai, M.M. Lee, A.B.H. Choo, C.N. Lee, S.K. Lim, Mesenchymal stem cell secretes microparticles enriched in pre-microRNAs , Nucleic Acids Res. 38 (2010) 215–224.
  66. R.W. Yeo, R.C. Lai, K.H. Tan, S.K. Lim, Exosome: a novel and safer therapeutic refinement of mesenchymal stem cell, J. Circ. Biomark. 1 (2013) 7.
  67. R.C. Lai, R.W. Yeo, S.K. Lim, Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes, Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 40 (2015) 82–88.
  68. B. Zhang, R.W. Yeo, K.H. Tan, S.K. Lim, Focus on extracellular vesicles: therapeutic potential of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles , Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17 (2016) 174.
  69. Hu G-w, Q. Li, X. Niu, B. Hu, J. Liu, Zhou S-m, et al., Exosomes secreted by human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate limb ischemia by promoting angiogenesis in mice , Stem Cell Res. Ther. 6 (2015) 1–15.
  70. J. Zhang, J. Guan, X. Niu, G. Hu, S. Guo, Q. Li, et al., Exosomes released from human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived MSCs facilitate cutaneous wound healing by promoting collagen synthesis and angiogenesis , J. Transl. Med. 13 (2015) 1–14.
  71. B. Zhang, M. Wang, A. Gong, X. Zhang, X. Wu, Y. Zhu, et al., HucMSC-exosome mediated-Wnt4 signaling is required for cutaneous wound healing, Stem Cells 33 (2015) 2158–2168.
  72. B. Zhang, Y. Yin, R.C. Lai, S.S. Tan, A.B.H. Choo, S.K. Lim, Mesenchymal stem cells secrete immunologically active exosomes , Stem Cells Dev. 23 (2013) 1233–1244.
  73. C.Y. Tan, R.C. Lai, W. Wong, Y.Y. Dan, S.-K. Lim, H.K. Ho, Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote hepatic regeneration in drug-induced liver injury models , Stem Cell Res. Ther. 5 (2014) 1–14.
  74. C. Lee, S.A. Mitsialis, M. Aslam, S.H. Vitali, E. Vergadi, G. Konstantinou, et al., Exosomes mediate the cytoprotective action of mesenchymal stromal cells on hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension , Circulation 126 (2012) 2601–2611.
  75. B. Yu, H. Shao, C. Su, Y. Jiang, X. Chen, L. Bai, et al., Exosomes derived from MSCs ameliorate retinal laser injury partially by inhibition of MCP-1 , Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 34562.
  76. Jo CH, Lee YG, Shin WH, et al. Intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a proof of concept clinical trial. Stem Cells. 2014;32(5):1254–66.
  77. Vega, Aurelio, et al. Treatment of knee osteoarthritis with allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized controlled trial. Transplantation. 2015;99(8):1681–90.
  78. Davatchi F, Sadeghi-Abdollahi B, Mohyeddin M, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for knee osteoarthritis. Preliminary report of four patients. Int J Rheum Dis. 2011;14(2):211–5
  79. Hernigou P, Flouzat Lachaniette CH, Delambre J, et al. Biologic augmentation of rotator cuff repair with mesenchymal stem cells during arthroscopy improves healing and prevents further tears: a case- controlled study. Int Orthop. 2014;38(9):1811–1818
  80. Galli D, Vitale M, Vaccarezza M. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cell differentiation toward myogenic lineages: facts and perspectives. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:6.
  81. Beitzel K, Solovyova O, Cote MP, et al. The future role of mesenchymal Stem cells in The management of shoulder disorders . Arthroscopy. 2013;29(10):1702–1711.
  82. Isaac C, Gharaibeh B, Witt M, Wright VJ, Huard J. Biologic approaches to enhance rotator cuff healing after injury. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012;21(2):181–190.
  83. Malda, Jos, et al. " Extracellular vesicles [mdash] new tool for joint repair and regeneration. " Nature Reviews Rheumatology (2016).

  1. Xu, Ming, et al. " Transplanted senescent cells induce an osteoarthritis-like condition in mice. " The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences (2016): glw154.
  2. McCulloch, Kendal, Gary J. Litherland, and Taranjit Singh Rai. " Cellular senescence in osteoarthritis pathology ." Aging Cell (2017).

Contraindications

Our stem cell treatments are experimental, but we only treat patients for whom we believe the risk/benefit ratio indicates treatment based on the state of the art, i.e., medical, scientific evidence.

Please understand that we therefore do not treat patients for whom the following points apply:

  • Active cancer in the last two years
  • Not yet of legal age
  • Existing pregnancy or lactation period
  • Unable to breathe on own, ventilator
  • Difficulty breathing in supine position
  • Dysphagia (extreme difficulty swallowing)
  • Psychiatric disorder
  • Active infectious disease (Hepatitis A, B, C, HIV, Syphilis, or other)