Anti-ageing treatments at ANOVA IRM and VITUS Privatklinik in Offenbach, Germany.
 

Anti-Ageing Therapy – Senescent Cell Removal – Infusion – Secretome

The ANOVA Anti-Ageing Programme Germany

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Individual anti-ageing treatments for adults interested in healthy ageing and longevity who want medically supervised care. Senescent cell removal and infusion therapy at the neighbouring VITUS Privatklinik, and autologous MSC secretome (MSEC) therapy at ANOVA IRM — separately or combined. Offenbach, Germany. MSEC is experimental, fully legal and manufactured under German regulatory authorisation and official inspection since 2018.

Senescent cells stop dividing but keep releasing inflammatory signals, and they accumulate with age. Senescent cell removal aims to reduce their number; it takes place during a monitored stay at the VITUS Privatklinik, which is owned by Dr. Stehling like ANOVA IRM and located in the same building. Infusion therapy with vitamins, amino acids, trace elements and NAD+, a coenzyme needed for cellular energy metabolism, can be added. MSC secretome (MSEC) is a third component that can be combined with both; ANOVA IRM manufactures it in its own facility in Offenbach.

ComponentDetail
Two products Bone Marrow Concentrate (BMC) and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome (MSEC), each manufactured under official authorisation; no marketing authorisation (experimental)
Authorisations BMC § 20b / § 13 AMG · MSEC § 20b / § 20c AMG (German Medicines Act)
Location Offenbach am Main, Germany
Portrait of Dr. med. Dr. phil. Dr. med. habil. Michael K. Stehling, founder and medical director of ANOVA IRM.
Author and medically reviewed by

Dr. med. Dr. phil. Dr. med. habil. Michael K. Stehling

Dr. Stehling is a physicist and physician who was involved in the development of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with Nobel laureate Sir Peter Mansfield. He founded ANOVA IRM in Offenbach, Germany, where autologous mesenchymal stem cell secretome (MSEC) and bone marrow concentrate (BMC) are manufactured under German regulatory authorisation and official inspection.

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Read in under 2 minutes Introduction & Summary

Anti-ageing in brief, the programme and its five components — the essentials at a glance.

You are here
Practical & logistics Treatment, Eligibility & Cost

Who qualifies, what the process actually involves, and what it costs — step by step.

Jump to section
Full clinical detail Clinical & Scientific Evidence

The biology of ageing, conventional preventive care, the rationale behind each component and all references.

Jump to section

Introduction & Summary

What is anti-ageing medicine at ANOVA, in brief?

Anti-ageing medicine at ANOVA is built on two treatments: senescent cell removal and MSC secretome (MSEC) therapy, which can be booked separately or combined. Infusion therapy with vitamins, amino acids, trace elements and NAD+ complements both treatments; it can be given alongside them or booked on its own. You decide on the combination together with your physician; example programmes and prices are shown in the treatment and cost section below.

These treatments address processes that research links to ageing: senescent cells, chronic low-grade inflammation and declining cellular energy metabolism. Whether influencing these processes lengthens healthy life in humans has not been shown. The treatments are therefore offered as an individual decision, not as a promise.

More details can be found below in our scientific section on ageing.

Illustration of senescent cell removal in the ANOVA anti-ageing programme in Offenbach, Germany.
Senescent cell removal. ANOVA IRM — Germany.

The ANOVA Anti-Ageing Programme — Components

01

Senescent cell removal

Senescent cell removal, also called senolytic therapy, aims to reduce the number of senescent cells. It uses medicines that are being investigated in ageing research for their effect on senescent cells; they are not approved for this purpose. Whether such a treatment is suitable for you is decided individually by a physician of the VITUS Privatklinik, after a review of your medical history and current medication. The medicines are taken on a few consecutive days during a monitored inpatient stay of three days and two nights at the VITUS Privatklinik. We recommend three such visits, at least one month apart; a single visit is also possible. We do not name individual substances on this website.

02

Infusion therapy

Infusion programmes with vitamins, amino acids, trace elements and NAD+, given intravenously by a physician of the VITUS Privatklinik. They can run alongside senescent cell removal or MSEC applications, or at a separate appointment; depending on the programme you choose, treatment takes half a day to three days as a day patient. The individual infusion programmes, their contents and their price ranges are described on our infusion therapy page.

03

MSC Secretome (MSEC), alone or combined

MSEC consists of the signalling molecules released by your own mesenchymal stromal cells, collected from abdominal fat by mini-liposuction and produced by ANOVA IRM. MSEC can be used on its own or together with senescent cell removal and infusion therapy. Treatment starts with a two-day visit for tissue collection; four to six weeks later, the MSEC applications follow on dates that suit your schedule (see the timeline). External laboratory and animal studies suggest that such factors may influence cellular senescence and inflammation; MSEC has not been tested in a clinical trial on ageing.

04

Whole-body MRI and CT

The whole-body MRI and CT take place at the Prof. Dr. Stehling Institut für Bildgebende Diagnostik GmbH, which is located in the same building and also belongs to Dr. Stehling. The MRI examines the whole body in one session, without radiation, and can show many diseases before they cause symptoms; a whole-body CT can be added if needed. Neither is a requirement for the treatments above; you can book them on their own or alongside a treatment.

05

Gut microbiome analysis

An analysis of the gut microbiome, the bacteria in your intestine, can be added to any of the treatments. The sample is taken during one of your stays; the laboratory analysis takes about two to three weeks, and your physician discusses the results with you at your next planned visit.

Talk to us about which programme components, further screening examinations and treatments we can offer you specifically, and about their advantages and disadvantages in your situation.

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Who does what? ANOVA IRM, VITUS Privatklinik and Prof. Dr. Stehling Institut für Bildgebende Diagnostik

Three institutions work together in the same building in Offenbach, all owned by Dr. Stehling: ANOVA IRM, the VITUS Privatklinik, a licensed private clinic, and the Prof. Dr. Stehling Institut für Bildgebende Diagnostik GmbH.

  • VITUS Privatklinik: senescent cell removal and infusion therapies, as a day patient or during an inpatient stay of one to three days, or longer if you wish, including the related blood tests.
  • ANOVA IRM: mini-liposuction, MSEC production and quality control, MSEC applications.
  • Institut für Bildgebende Diagnostik: whole-body MRI and CT and other imaging.

What can you expect as an anti-ageing patient?

Your wishes and medical history are first reviewed remotely, by phone or video. Treatment takes place in person in Offenbach am Main, less than 20 minutes from Frankfurt Airport. You receive an individual written cost estimate before any treatment decision.

Quick answers

Can ageing be stopped or reversed?

No. No treatment has been shown to stop or reverse ageing in humans. Research has identified biological processes that drive ageing, such as the build-up of senescent cells and declining cellular energy, and is testing ways to influence them.[1] The ANOVA programme addresses some of these processes experimentally.

Does stem cell therapy make you younger?

No. Stem cell therapy does not make you younger. MSEC is intended to influence inflammation and cellular senescence; external studies on this come from the laboratory and from animals, not from clinical trials in humans.[4],[5]

Yes. The VITUS Privatklinik is a licensed private clinic; its physicians decide on the medicines used after full disclosure and informed consent. ANOVA IRM produces MSEC under a procurement authorisation (Section 20b AMG) and a manufacturing authorisation under Section 20c AMG and gives it as an individual treatment attempt. The legal basis for MSEC is explained on our regulatory status page.

Is anti-ageing treatment safe?

Not without qualification: every treatment carries risks, including the medicines used in senescent cell removal, and your physician goes through them with you before you decide. For MSEC, safety also depends on how the secretome is made. In line with the approach of the medicines authorities, MSEC from an officially authorised and regularly inspected manufacturer can be regarded as safer than a secretome from an unregulated source. Before you decide on any provider, check which authorisations and certificates it can show. What the authorities warn about is summarised on our page about unproven therapies.

Which medicines are used in the anti-ageing programme?

Senescent cell removal is a physician-led treatment with medicines; the infusion programmes contain vitamins, amino acids, trace elements and NAD+. We do not name individual substances on this website. Your physician explains the exact regimen, the evidence and the risks in person.

Request a Consultation →

Read in under 2 minutes Introduction & Summary

Anti-ageing in brief, the programme and its five components — the essentials at a glance.

Jump to section
Practical & logistics Treatment, Eligibility & Cost

Who qualifies, what the process actually involves, and what it costs — step by step.

You are here
Full clinical detail Clinical & Scientific Evidence

The biology of ageing, conventional preventive care, the rationale behind each component and all references.

Jump to section

Anti-Ageing Programme: Process, Eligibility & Cost

Anti-ageing treatment at ANOVA IRM and the VITUS Privatklinik starts at approximately €11,781 for senescent cell removal with three visits and goes up to approximately €80,781 for ANOVA Executive Plus. A single visit for senescent cell removal costs approximately €3,927. Senescent cell removal and infusion therapy take place at the VITUS Privatklinik; MSEC is produced and applied by ANOVA IRM. Both treatments can be booked separately or combined.

Mesenchymal stromal cells release extracellular vesicles, proteins and other signalling molecules; autologous MSC secretome (MSEC) produced by ANOVA IRM.
MSC secretome components and cellular signalling. ANOVA IRM — Germany.

Which combinations are possible? Four example programmes

The four programmes are examples of possible combinations, which we adapt to your wishes, your schedule and the depth of treatment you want. Each of them can be supplemented with the infusion programmes of the VITUS Privatklinik, which are described on the infusion therapy page. Other combinations are possible, for example MSEC without senescent cell removal: approximately €20,000 for three doses, €36,000 for ten doses and €69,000 for 20 doses from a double liposuction.

ProgrammeWhat it includesApprox. price
ANOVA Foundation Senescent cell removal only: three monitored inpatient stays of three days and two nights each at the VITUS Privatklinik, at least one month apart, including blood tests before treatment and for monitoring during each stay approx. €11,781 incl. VAT
ANOVA Advanced ANOVA Foundation, plus mini-liposuction, MSEC production and the first three MSEC doses at ANOVA IRM approx. €31,781
ANOVA Executive As ANOVA Advanced, with all ten MSEC doses: some doses can be given during the three stays for senescent cell removal, the remaining doses at further outpatient visits without a clinic stay approx. €47,781
ANOVA Executive Plus As ANOVA Executive, with a double liposuction that yields 20 MSEC doses; for example some doses during the three stays for senescent cell removal and the others at further outpatient visits, planned individually within the two-year shelf life approx. €80,781

Infusion programmes and the whole-body MRI and CT are not included in the programme prices; the whole-body MRI costs approximately €2,000 to €3,000, depending on its scope. MSEC is a medical treatment and exempt from VAT; prices for services of the VITUS Privatklinik include 19% VAT. You receive an individual written cost estimate before any treatment decision. Travel and accommodation are separate, and all prices are subject to change.

What does the anti-ageing programme timeline look like?

  • Initial consultation: remote, by phone or video, before you travel.
  • Infusion therapy only: from half a day, as a day patient at the VITUS Privatklinik.
  • Senescent cell removal: usually three visits of three days each as an inpatient at the VITUS Privatklinik, at least one month apart, which is also the optimal interval; a single visit is possible. Infusion therapy can be added, and the visits can be combined with MSEC applications.
  • MSEC: a two-day outpatient visit for tissue collection at ANOVA IRM; four to six weeks later, the MSEC applications start according to your schedule. Details are described on our MSC secretome page. Examples of an application schedule:
    • Intense (with 10 or 20 doses): ten intravenous MSEC applications within one week, on an outpatient basis, if MSEC is not combined with senescent cell removal. With 20 doses, the schedule is planned individually, for example twice ten applications in one week each, about six months apart, or ten applications in one week and the remaining ten according to another schedule.
    • Impact (with 10 or 20 doses): for example four, then three, then three applications, spread over about six months with 10 doses, or the same pattern twice over about twelve months with 20 doses.
    • Balanced: two MSEC doses per visit, three months apart, so that all ten doses are used within about one year.
    • Balanced Plus: two MSEC doses per visit, three months apart, so that the 20 doses from a double liposuction are used within about two years.
  • Gut microbiome analysis: sample taken during one of your stays; the results are available after about two to three weeks and are discussed at your next planned visit.
  • Whole-body MRI and CT: at any time, at the Institut für Bildgebende Diagnostik in the same building.

Which additional examinations do we offer?

Beyond the programme components, we offer examinations related to our other programmes. They are not a requirement for anti-ageing treatment; your physician discusses with you which of them make sense.

All examinations can also be done by your own doctors.

Who can take part in the anti-ageing programme, and what are the requirements?

The programme is intended for adults who want a medically supervised, individual approach to healthy ageing and longevity. You need to be well enough for an inpatient stay and, if MSEC is included, for the brief sedation required for tissue collection. Every treatment recommendation follows a medical assessment, and a request for a consultation does not mean that treatment will be offered.

What are the contraindications for anti-ageing treatment?

Our treatments are experimental. We treat only people for whom, after medical assessment, we consider the benefit-risk balance to support treatment.

Applies to all ANOVA treatments:

  • Active cancer within the last two years
  • Under the age of legal majority
  • Pregnancy or breastfeeding
  • Active infectious disease (hepatitis A, B, C, HIV, syphilis or other)

Specific to anti-ageing treatment:

  • Blood test results that speak against treatment
  • Psychiatric disorder that would prevent informed consent or cooperation

How does the anti-ageing programme work, step by step?

The steps depend on the treatment you choose. Infusion therapy, the gut microbiome analysis and the whole-body MRI and CT can be added to either treatment.

What are the steps of senescent cell removal?

  • Consultation: we review your medical history and current medication remotely, by phone or video; your medication matters for the medicines used.
  • Stays at the VITUS Privatklinik: we recommend three inpatient stays of three days and two nights each, at least one month apart, in a private single room with meals; a single stay is also possible.
  • Treatment: blood tests before the first dose, then the medicines on consecutive days under medical supervision, with blood tests and checks for side effects during each stay.
  • Infusion therapy: can be given during the same stay if you wish.

What are the steps of MSEC treatment?

  • Consultation and preliminary screening: we review your medical history remotely; a blood test in your home country, usually for HIV, hepatitis, syphilis and other active infections, helps you avoid an unnecessary journey.
  • Tissue collection: a two-day outpatient visit at ANOVA IRM, with blood tests and paperwork on day 1 and, if the results are in order, the mini-liposuction under brief sedation on day 2.
  • Production and quality control: mesenchymal stromal cells are isolated and expanded in our own facility, under official authorisation and officially inspected good professional practice (GFP). This takes about four weeks and yields 10 doses, or 20 doses after a double liposuction.
  • Release and storage: each patient batch is tested with methods validated according to the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) and GMP and released under a documented procedure; the secretome is stored at −80 °C for up to two years.
  • MSEC applications: starting four to six weeks after tissue collection, ANOVA IRM physicians give MSEC intravenously. Each visit takes about three hours, including thawing, the infusion and a period of observation; the dates follow your schedule, for example Intense, Impact, Balanced or Balanced Plus (see the timeline).

Visits for senescent cell removal can be combined with MSEC application visits, so that both take place during the same stay. They are not combined with the tissue collection.

Frequently asked questions — process, programmes and travel

Can I have senescent cell removal without MSEC, or MSEC without senescent cell removal?

Yes. Both treatments can be booked separately or combined, each with or without infusion therapy. Your physician discusses with you which combination suits your situation.

Which anti-ageing programme is right for me?

Your wishes and your medical situation decide this. Your physician recommends a programme and explains why; the programmes are examples of possible combinations that can be adapted.

Can I have a whole-body MRI or CT without treatment?

Yes. The whole-body MRI and CT at the Institut für Bildgebende Diagnostik can be booked on their own, independently of any anti-ageing treatment.

Does health insurance cover the anti-ageing programme?

No. Anti-ageing treatments and experimental MSEC treatment are not usually reimbursed by health insurers, so you pay for them yourself. Please ask your insurer before treatment if you are unsure.

Can the anti-ageing programme be combined with other ANOVA programmes?

Yes, individually. MSEC from the same production can, for example, also be used within our erectile dysfunction programme; your physician decides what makes sense in your case.

How often do I need to travel to Germany for anti-ageing treatment?

That depends on the programme you choose, so the number of visits varies. For senescent cell removal we recommend three visits, at least one month apart; a single visit is possible. Infusion therapy alone usually needs one visit, sometimes several. With MSEC you travel more often: once for tissue collection and then for the applications according to your schedule; see the timeline and, for the full sequence, our MSC secretome page. Offenbach is less than 20 minutes from Frankfurt Airport.

What medical records should I send for an anti-ageing assessment?

Please send us your most recent documents; we will ask if we need anything else. For senescent cell removal or infusion therapy alone, a current list of your medication and recent blood test results are usually enough. If MSEC or further examinations are planned, recent doctors' letters, previous imaging and a list of known conditions are also helpful. Our patient care team will explain how to send large image files.

Does ANOVA IRM treat international patients in the anti-ageing programme?

Yes. If you live outside Germany, your consultation takes place remotely first, in English or German; you travel once your treatment has been agreed.

Request a Consultation →

Read in under 2 minutes Introduction & Summary

Anti-ageing in brief, the programme and its five components — the essentials at a glance.

Jump to section
Practical & logistics Treatment, Eligibility & Cost

Who qualifies, what the process actually involves, and what it costs — step by step.

Jump to section
Full clinical detail Clinical & Scientific Evidence

The biology of ageing, conventional preventive care, the rationale behind each component and all references.

You are here

Anti-Ageing: Clinical & Scientific Evidence

1. What happens in the body as we age?

Ageing is not a single process but the accumulation of several interconnected biological changes. A widely cited review describes twelve "hallmarks of ageing", among them cellular senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, stem cell exhaustion, chronic inflammation and changes in the gut microbiome.[1] These processes influence one another, and they are linked to many age-related diseases.[1]

Senescent cells have stopped dividing but remain active and release inflammatory signals, known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which can affect neighbouring tissue.[1] The level of NAD+, a coenzyme needed for cellular energy metabolism and DNA repair, declines with age in several tissues.[11] Because these processes can be measured and, in the laboratory, influenced, longevity research is now testing whether treatments aimed at them can extend the healthy years of life. Anti-ageing, rejuvenation and longevity are widely discussed terms; in research, they stand for the attempt to extend the healthy years of life, not to reverse ageing.

2. What does conventional preventive care offer?

Conventional preventive care relies on regular check-ups, standard blood tests and screening for specific diseases, such as breast, bowel or skin cancer, at defined intervals. It is designed to find established diseases early. The ANOVA programme is offered alongside this care, not in place of it; please continue your routine check-ups with your own doctors.

What does the anti-ageing programme not replace?

We do not replace your general practitioner or the statutory screening programmes. Findings from the whole-body MRI or CT or from blood tests that need further investigation are passed on to you and, with your consent, to your treating doctors.

Disease prevention and early detection by diagnostics in the ANOVA anti-ageing programme, Germany.
Disease prevention by diagnostics. ANOVA IRM — Germany.

3. What is the scientific rationale, component by component?

Senescent cell removal

Senolytic therapy follows an idea that has attracted wide interest in ageing research: instead of treating individual age-related diseases, it is aimed at senescent cells, which contribute to many of them.[1] In external studies in mice, removing senescent cells delayed several age-related disorders, and in old mice senolytic substances improved physical function and extended the remaining lifespan.[6],[7]

First small external studies in humans have tested whether this approach can be used safely, for example in lung fibrosis and early Alzheimer's disease, and one reported better physical function.[8],[9] Clinical studies have not yet been able to confirm an effect.[8],[9],[10] We do not name individual substances on this website.

NAD+ and infusion therapy

NAD+ is needed for cellular energy metabolism and DNA repair, and restoring its declining levels is one of the central ideas of current ageing research.[11] In laboratory and animal studies, raising NAD+ levels improved mitochondrial function and several signs of ageing.[11] An infusion delivers NAD+ directly into the bloodstream; in a small external pilot study, it raised NAD+ levels in the blood of healthy men and was well tolerated.[13] Clinical studies have not yet been able to confirm an effect on ageing.[12] The contents of the individual infusion programmes are listed on our infusion therapy page.

MSC secretome (MSEC)

The idea behind MSEC is that the signalling molecules of mesenchymal stromal cells may support the body's own repair processes and dampen age-related inflammation. External laboratory and animal studies point in this direction: extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells influenced senescence and inflammation.[4] In mice, they reduced markers of senescence and extended the period of good health in two models of ageing.[5]

What is the efficacy hypothesis behind MSC secretome in anti-ageing?

With age, senescent cells and chronic low-grade inflammation increase, while the body's own repair signals decline.[1] The hypothesis is that the soluble factors of the secretome influence this environment and reduce inflammatory signalling, alone or after senescent cell removal.[4],[5]

A possible endpoint for testing this would be the change in inflammatory markers in the blood, such as hs-CRP, compared with no treatment. Clinical studies have not yet confirmed an effect of MSEC on ageing, and a change in blood markers alone would not prove a longer healthy life.

Whole-body MRI and CT

Whole-body MRI can show tumours, vascular changes and other diseases before they cause symptoms, without radiation. A whole-body CT adds information in some situations but involves radiation exposure, so it is used only where your physician considers it useful. In a large external population study, incidental findings were common and often needed further examinations.[2]

Whole-body MRI scan for the early detection of disease at the Institut für Bildgebende Diagnostik in Offenbach, Germany.
Diagnostic and preventive whole-body scans. ANOVA IRM — Germany.

Gut microbiome

The gut microbiome changes with age, and in external observational studies its composition was linked to how healthily people age and to frailty.[3] An analysis can show where diet or other measures might help; clinical studies have not yet confirmed that changing the microbiome extends healthy life.

The programme is adapted as research develops. Talk to us about current changes or additions to the programme.

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4. Where does our own anti-ageing evidence stand?

We have no evaluated dataset of our own for anti-ageing yet. What we can say therefore rests on the published literature and on the rationale described above. Personal accounts from patients are collected in our testimonials; they are individual reports, not outcome data.

Anti-ageing and longevity medicine is a young and fast-developing field, and individual results vary. We therefore agree goals with you individually and review them together; a longer life or the prevention of any disease cannot be guaranteed.

What is the realistic goal of the anti-ageing programme?

The programme is meant to target processes linked to ageing — senescent cells, chronic inflammation and declining cellular energy — and, if you choose a whole-body MRI or CT, to detect health risks early.

The VITUS Privatklinik is a private clinic licensed under Section 30 of the German Trade Regulation Act (Gewerbeordnung). The medicines used in senescent cell removal are not approved for the treatment of ageing; your physician explains this, the evidence and the risks before treatment.

MSEC is an autologous tissue preparation made from the patient's own cells. ANOVA IRM manufactures it under a procurement authorisation (Section 20b AMG) and a manufacturing authorisation under Section 20c AMG, issued and regularly inspected by the Hessian State Office for Health and Care (HLfGP). The individual treatment attempt (individueller Heilversuch) concerns the administration only and follows full disclosure and informed consent. Because the product is used only for ANOVA IRM's own patients, no authorisation under Section 4b, no marketing authorisation under Section 21 and no approval under Section 21a AMG is required. The full derivation for MSEC is on our regulatory status page.

6. Frequently asked questions — anti-ageing, evidence and approval status

Is any anti-ageing therapy approved?

No. No medicine or stem cell therapy is approved for the treatment of ageing in Germany, the EU or the US. Senolytic therapy and NAD+ infusions are used in individual treatment attempts or as supportive measures. MSEC is given as an individual treatment attempt (individueller Heilversuch), as described in the legal framework above.

What are senescent cells?

Senescent cells are cells that have permanently stopped dividing but have not died. They release inflammatory signals and accumulate in many tissues with age.[1]

What is NAD+?

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme found in every cell. It is needed for energy metabolism and DNA repair, and its level declines with age in several tissues.[11]

Are MSC studies evidence that MSEC slows ageing?

Not yet. The studies on mesenchymal cells and their extracellular vesicles in ageing come from the laboratory and from animals and point in this direction.[4],[5] Proof would require a randomised controlled trial with MSEC itself in humans, and such trials do not yet exist.

What type of stem cell therapy does ANOVA use in the anti-ageing programme?

An autologous MSC secretome (MSEC), produced from mesenchymal stromal cells in your own abdominal fat and given intravenously. The preparation is cell-free.

What can a whole-body MRI or CT show?

A whole-body MRI can show tumours, vascular changes and other findings before they cause symptoms, without radiation; a whole-body CT can add information but involves radiation. Both can also show harmless findings that need further clarification.[2]

Important Pages

Questions people usually ask next. Each is answered in full on its own page.

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Affiliations of ANOVA

ANOVA IRM shares its premises in Offenbach with three further institutions owned by Dr. Stehling: the Institut für Bildgebende Diagnostik (IBDO), providing MRI and CT imaging, the Vitus Prostate Center and the VITUS Privatklinik, where senescent cell removal and infusion therapies take place. Because imaging is carried out in the same building, a whole-body MRI or CT can be performed in-house. See diagnostics at ANOVA IRM.

References — anti-ageing literature

Biology of ageing

  • [1] López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. Hallmarks of aging: an expanding universe. Cell. 2023;186(2):243–278. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.001. PMID: 36599349.

Screening and the gut microbiome

  • [2] Hegenscheid K, Seipel R, Schmidt CO, et al. Potentially relevant incidental findings on research whole-body MRI in the general adult population: frequencies and management. Eur Radiol. 2013;23(3):816–826. doi:10.1007/s00330-012-2636-6. PMID: 22911290.
  • [3] Ghosh TS, Shanahan F, O'Toole PW. The gut microbiome as a modulator of healthy ageing. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19(9):565–584. doi:10.1038/s41575-022-00605-x. PMID: 35468952.

MSC secretome, extracellular vesicles and ageing

  • [4] Boulestreau J, Maumus M, Rozier P, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles in aging. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:107. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00107. PMCID: PMC7047768.
  • [5] Dorronsoro A, Santiago FE, Grassi D, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles reduce senescence and extend health span in mouse models of aging. Aging Cell. 2021;20(4):e13337. doi:10.1111/acel.13337. PMID: 33728821.

Senescent cell removal (senolytic therapy)

  • [6] Baker DJ, Wijshake T, Tchkonia T, et al. Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells delays ageing-associated disorders. Nature. 2011;479(7372):232–236. doi:10.1038/nature10600. PMID: 22048312.
  • [7] Xu M, Pirtskhalava T, Farr JN, et al. Senolytics improve physical function and increase lifespan in old age. Nat Med. 2018;24(8):1246–1256. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0092-9. PMID: 29988130.
  • [8] Justice JN, Nambiar AM, Tchkonia T, et al. Senolytics in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: results from a first-in-human, open-label, pilot study. EBioMedicine. 2019;40:554–563. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.052. PMID: 30616998.
  • [9] Gonzales MM, Garbarino VR, Kautz TF, et al. Senolytic therapy in mild Alzheimer's disease: a phase 1 feasibility trial. Nat Med. 2023;29(10):2481–2488. doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02543-w. PMID: 37679434.
  • [10] Farr JN, Atkinson EJ, Achenbach SJ, et al. Effects of intermittent senolytic therapy on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women: a phase 2 randomized controlled trial. Nat Med. 2024;30(9):2605–2612. doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03096-2. PMID: 38956196.

NAD+ and infusion therapy

  • [11] Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119–141. doi:10.1038/s41580-020-00313-x. PMID: 33353981.
  • [12] Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025;7(10):1974–1990. doi:10.1038/s42255-025-01387-7. PMID: 41083806.
  • [13] Grant R, Berg J, Mestayer R, et al. A pilot study investigating changes in the human plasma and urine NAD+ metabolome during a 6 hour intravenous infusion of NAD+. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11:257. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00257.

General MSC, extracellular vesicle and secretome literature is maintained on the MSC secretome page.

Portrait of Dr. med. Dr. phil. Dr. med. habil. Michael K. Stehling, founder and medical director of ANOVA IRM.
Author and medically reviewed by

Dr. med. Dr. phil. Dr. med. habil. Michael K. Stehling

Dr. Stehling is a physicist and physician who was involved in the development of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with Nobel laureate Sir Peter Mansfield. He founded ANOVA IRM in Offenbach, Germany, where autologous mesenchymal stem cell secretome (MSEC) and bone marrow concentrate (BMC) are manufactured under German regulatory authorisation and official inspection.

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  1. Georg Hansmann, Philippe Chouvarine, Franziska Diekmann, Martin Giera, Markus Ralser, Michael Mülleder, Constantin von Kaisenberg, Harald Bertram, Ekaterina Legchenko & Ralf Hass "Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived treatment of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension". Nature Cardiovascular Research volume 1, pages568–576 (2022).
  2. Murphy JM, Fink DJ, Hunziker EB, et al. Stem cell therapy in a caprine model of osteoarthritis . Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:3464–74.
  3. Lee KB, Hui JH, Song IC, Ardany L, et al. Injectable mesenchymal stem cell therapy for large cartilage defects—a porcine model. Stem Cell. 2007;25:2964–71.
  4. Saw KY, Hussin P, Loke SC, et al. Articular cartilage regeneration with autologous marrow aspirate and hyaluronic acid: an experimental study in a goat model. Arthroscopy . 2009;25(12):1391–400.
  5. Black L, Gaynor J, Adams C, et al. Effect of intra-articular injection of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem and regenerative cells on clinical signs of chronic osteoarthritis of the elbow joint in dogs. Vet Ther. 2008;9:192-200.
  6. Centeno C, Busse D, Kisiday J, et al. Increased knee cartilage volume in degenerative joint disease using percutaneously implanted, autologous mesenchymal stem cells. Pain Physician. 2008;11(3):343–53.
  7. Centeno C, Kisiday J, Freeman M, et al. Partial regeneration of the human hip via autologous bone marrow nucleated cell transfer: a case study. Pain Physician. 2006;9:253–6.
  8. Centeno C, Schultz J, Cheever M. Safety and complications reporting on the re-implantation of culture-expanded mesenchymal stem cells using autologous platelet lysate technique. Curr Stem Cell. 2011;5(1):81–93.
  9. Pak J. Regeneration of human bones in hip osteonecrosis and human cartilage in knee osteoarthritis with autologous adipose derived stem cells: a case series. J Med Case Rep. 2001;5:296.
  10. Kuroda R, Ishida K, et al. Treatment of a full-thickness articular cartilage defect in the femoral condyle of an athlete with autologous bone-marrow stromal cells. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2007;15:226–31.
  11. Emadedin M, Aghdami N, Taghiyar L, et al. Intra-articular injection of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in six patients with knee osteoarthritis. Arch Iran Med. 2012;15(7):422–8.
  12. Saw KY et al. Articular cartilage regeneration with autologous peripheral blood stem cells versus hyaluronic acid: a randomized controlled trial. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(4):684–94.
  13. Vangsness CT, Farr J, Boyd J, et al. Adult human mesenchymal stem cells delivered via intra-articular injection to the knee following partial medial meniscectomy. J Bone Joint Surg. 2014;96(2):90–8.
  14. Freitag, Julien, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in the treatment of osteoarthritis: reparative pathways, safety and efficacy–a review. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 17.1 (2016): 230.
  15. Maumus, Marie, Christian Jorgensen, and Danièle Noël. " Mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative medicine applied to rheumatic diseases: role of secretome and exosomes. " Biochimie 95.12 (2013): 2229-2234.
  16. Dostert, Gabriel, et al. " How do mesenchymal stem cells influence or are influenced by microenvironment through extracellular vesicles communication?. " Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 5 (2017).
  17. Chaparro, Orlando, and Itali Linero. " Regenerative Medicine: A New Paradigm in Bone Regeneration. " (2016).
  18. Toh, Wei Seong, et al. " MSC exosome as a cell-free MSC therapy for cartilage regeneration: Implications for osteoarthritis treatment. " Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. Academic Press, 2016.
  19. Chaparro, Orlando, and Itali Linero. " Regenerative Medicine: A New Paradigm in Bone Regeneration. " (2016).
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  21. B.A. Jones, M. Pei, Synovium-Derived stem cells: a tissue-Specific stem cell for cartilage engineering and regeneration , Tissue Eng. B: Rev. 18 (2012) 301–311.
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  23. K.B.L. Lee, J.H.P. Hui, I.C. Song, L. Ardany, E.H. Lee, Injectable mesenchymal stem cell therapy for large cartilage defects—a porcine model, Stem Cells 25 (2007) 2964–2971.
  24. W.-L. Fu, C.-Y. Zhou, J.-K. Yu, A new source of mesenchymal stem cells for articular cartilage repair: mSCs derived from mobilized peripheral blood share similar biological characteristics in vitro and chondrogenesis in vivo as MSCs from bone marrow in a rabbit model , Am. J. Sports Med. 42 (2014) 592–601.
  25. X. Xie, Y. Wang, C. Zhao, S. Guo, S. Liu, W. Jia, et al., Comparative evaluation of MSCs from bone marrow and adipose tissue seeded in PRP-derived scaffold for cartilage regeneration , Biomaterials 33 (2012) 7008–7018.
  26. E.-R. Chiang, H.-L. Ma, J.-P. Wang, C.-L. Liu, T.-H. Chen, S.-C. Hung, Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells in combination with hyaluronic acid for the treatment of osteoarthritis in rabbits , PLoS One 11 (2016) e0149835.
  27. H. Nejadnik, J.H. Hui, E.P. Feng Choong, B.-C. Tai, E.H. Lee, Autologous bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells versus autologous chondrocyte implantation: an observational cohort study , Am. J. Sports Med. 38 (2010) 1110–1116.
  28. I. Sekiya, T. Muneta, M. Horie, H. Koga, Arthroscopic transplantation of synovial stem cells improves clinical outcomes in knees with cartilage defects , Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res. 473 (2015) 2316–2326.
  29. Y.S. Kim, Y.J. Choi, Y.G. Koh, Mesenchymal stem cell implantation in knee osteoarthritis: an assessment of the factors influencing clinical outcomes , Am. J. Sports Med. 43 (2015) 2293–2301.
  30. W.-L. Fu, Y.-F. Ao, X.-Y. Ke, Z.-Z. Zheng, X. Gong, D. Jiang, et al., Repair of large full-thickness cartilage defect by activating endogenous peripheral blood stem cells and autologous periosteum flap transplantation combined with patellofemoral realignment , Knee 21 (2014) 609–612.
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  32. T.S. de Windt, L.A. Vonk, I.C.M. Slaper-Cortenbach, M.P.H. van den Broek, R. Nizak, M.H.P. van Rijen, et al., Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells stimulate cartilage regeneration and are safe for single-Stage cartilage repair in humans upon mixture with recycled autologous chondrons , Stem Cells (2016) (n/a-n/a).
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  37. S. Zhang, W. Chu, R. Lai, J. Hui, E. Lee, S. Lim, et al., 21 – human mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote orderly cartilage regeneration in an immunocompetent rat osteochondral defect model , Cytotherapy 18 (2016) S13.
  38. C.T. Lim, X. Ren, M.H. Afizah, S. Tarigan-Panjaitan, Z. Yang, Y. Wu, et al., Repair of osteochondral defects with rehydrated freeze-dried oligo[poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate] hydrogels seeded with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a porcine model
  39. A. Gobbi, G. Karnatzikos, S.R. Sankineani, One-step surgery with multipotent stem cells for the treatment of large full-thickness chondral defects of the knee , Am. J. Sports Med. 42 (2014) 648–657.
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  41. A. Gobbi, G. Karnatzikos, C. Scotti, V. Mahajan, L. Mazzucco, B. Grigolo, One-step cartilage repair with bone marrow aspirate concentrated cells and collagen matrix in full-thickness knee cartilage lesions: results at 2-Year follow-up , Cartilage 2 (2011) 286–299.
  42. K.L. Wong, K.B.L. Lee, B.C. Tai, P. Law, E.H. Lee, J.H.P. Hui, Injectable cultured bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in varus knees with cartilage defects undergoing high tibial osteotomy: a prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial with 2 years’ follow-up , Arthrosc. J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg. 29 (2013) 2020–2028.
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  57. R.C. Lai, F. Arslan, S.S. Tan, B. Tan, A. Choo, M.M. Lee, et al., Derivation and characterization of human fetal MSCs: an alternative cell source for large-scale production of cardioprotective microparticles , J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 48 (2010) 1215–1224.
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  1. Xu, Ming, et al. " Transplanted senescent cells induce an osteoarthritis-like condition in mice. " The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences (2016): glw154.
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